Early Signs for Autism in children up to five years of age

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. Recognizing early signs of autism is crucial, as early intervention can significantly improve outcomes for children. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the early signs of autism, emphasizing the importance of early detection and support.

Understanding Autism Spectrum Disorder

ASD is characterized by challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted and repetitive behaviors. It’s important to note that autism is a spectrum, meaning it manifests differently in each individual. While the exact causes of autism are not fully understood, research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development.

Prevalence of Autism

In 2025, the estimated prevalence of autism in the U.S. is 1 in 31 children (3.2%). In India, the estimated prevalence is around 1 in 68 children, or 1.12 per 100 children aged 2-9 years. 

Early signs of Autism in children

Every child develops in their own way. Some children may show developmental differences that are part of being autistic. These signs are not problems to be “fixed” but differences to understand and support. Being able to spot them early can help families access helpful tools, therapies, and environments that work better for their child.

Children with autism often show differences in three main areas:

1. Language and communication

Children with autism may communicate in different ways. Their way of expressing themselves may not always follow typical timelines or styles but that doesn’t mean they’re not trying to connect.

• Delayed speech development: Some children may start using words or phrases later than other children. For instance, by 18 months, they may use very few or no spoken words.

• Nonverbal communication differences: They might use fewer gestures like pointing, waving, or nodding. Some children may communicate more through actions, expressions, or body movements than through words.

• Echolalia: Some autistic children repeat phrases they’ve heard in songs, videos, or from adults. This is called echolalia and can be a way for them to process language or communicate.

• Differences in eye contact: Some children may not seek or hold eye contact in the way that is typically expected. This doesn’t mean they’re not listening or engaged, it may just not be a comfortable or meaningful form of connection for them.
  

2. Social interaction

Social interaction can look different for children with autism. It’s not about a lack of interest, it’s about expressing connection in a way that might not be easily understood by others.

• Preferring solo play: Some children may enjoy playing alone or show less interest in joining group activities. This doesn’t always mean they don’t like people, it could be about needing space or feeling unsure about how to join in.

• Connecting in different ways: They may not respond to their name consistently or may avoid shared attention (like following a parent’s finger when pointing at an object). This doesn’t mean they aren’t paying attention, they might just be engaging differently.

• Reading social cues differently: Understanding facial expressions, voice tones, or social rules can sometimes be tricky. They may not always respond in expected ways but that doesn’t mean they don’t care.

• Emotional expression may vary: Some children may not show feelings in ways others recognize easily. They may need more support in identifying, expressing, or responding to emotions.
  

3. Sensory regulation, movement, and interests

Many children with autism experience the world through intense sensory and movement-based experiences. What looks “repetitive” or “odd” to others may be a way to self-regulate, find comfort, or express joy.

• Stimming (self-stimulatory behavior): Children might engage in movements like hand-flapping, rocking, spinning, or jumping. These are often called “stims” and can help them feel calm, focused, or excited.

• Strong preferences for routine: Changes in routines or plans may feel overwhelming. Predictability often brings comfort, and transitions might require extra preparation or support.

• Deep interests: Children with autism may become very focused on specific topics or objects, sometimes for long periods. These passionate interests are often a source of joy, learning, and comfort.

• Sensory processing differences: Children may be very sensitive to sounds, textures, lights, smells, or touch or they may seek out certain sensory input. For example, they might cover their ears in noisy spaces or love feeling certain fabrics. These responses aren’t “overreactions”, they’re valid ways their brain experiences the world.
  

Importance of early support and intervention

Early intervention can significantly enhance a child’s development. Tailored therapies and support systems empower children to reach their full potential. Key interventions include:

• Speech and Language Therapy: Enhances communication skills.
  
• Occupational Therapy: Develops daily living and motor skills.
  
• Behavioral Therapy: Addresses specific behaviors and promotes positive actions.
• Parent Training Programs: Equips families with strategies to support their child’s development.i

In India, early diagnosis faces challenges due to limited awareness and resources. However, initiatives are underway to improve screening and support services.

If you observe these signs, consult a pediatrician or a developmental specialist. Early assessment can lead to timely support, benefiting the child’s overall well-being. While online screening tools are available, they should not replace professional evaluations.

Resources and support

For more information, refer to our Autism Factsheet, which offers insights into the condition and available therapies. Understanding and support from caregivers and the community play a crucial role in the child’s development.

Acknowledgments

We extend our gratitude to our volunteers, Ms. Sailaja Tadimeti and Mr. Krishnaji Devalkar, for translating this content into Telugu.

If you have questions about Autism, Down Syndrome, ADHD, or other developmental concerns, the Nayi Disha team is here to help. Contact our FREE Helpline at 844-844-8996 via call or WhatsApp. Our counselors are fluent in English, Hindi, Malayalam, Gujarati, Marathi, Telugu, and Bengali.

Disclaimer

This guide is for informational purposes only. Please consult a qualified health practitioner for personalized guidance.